The irony of the referendum issue is a pipe dream

Trouble with China

Chen Shui-bian's drive to remodel Taiwan has proved divisive among voters [EPA]

But it is Chen's stormy relationship with China that appears to have most weakened support for the DPP.

Beijing suspects that Chen's campaign of promoting Taiwan's cultural identity represents a drive for independence through stealth. Cross-strait ties have remained in deep freeze during his presidency.

Chen has turned down Beijing's offer of a cross-Taiwan Strait peace accord under the "one-China" framework, dismissing the idea as part of a scheme by China to downgrade and annex Taiwan.

Hsieh, carrying the DPP's hopes in Saturday's election, had made a marked departure from Chen's antagonistic stance towards China.

On Friday, the former human rights lawyer said if elected he would resume dialogue with Beijing, arguing that the time has come for cross-strait compromise.

He has promised to negotiate direct air links with China and open up Taiwan to mainland tourists, following negligible progress in these areas during Chen’s term.

His move echoes frontrunner Ma's strong campaign calling for improved economic ties with the mainland.

The KMT candidate, a Harvard-trained lawyer and former mayor of Taipei, has proposed forging an unprecedented European Union-style common market between Taiwan and China.

Ma insists that improved cross-strait ties are necessary for Taiwan to ramp up its slugglish economy.

During the past few years, Taiwan's economic performance has lagged in comparison with a number of its "little dragon" peers, including Singapore and Hong Kong.

If elected president, Ma has promised annual growth rates of six percent, similar to annual figures during the decade before the DPP took power, and up from the currently estimated rate of 4.5 percent.

Calls by both candidates for improved cross-strait ties follow signs that many inside and outside of Taiwan are tired of Chen's abrasive politics.

'Sovreign states'

A referendum backed by Chen that would authorise seeking UN membership as "Taiwan" rather than under the island's legal name, Republic of China, has irked both China and the US, Taiwan's most powerful ally.

Chen has called on the electorate to vote on two referendums supporting Taiwan's entry into the United Nations.

He says the poll is is necessary to show the world that Taiwanese object to China's suppression of Taiwan's right to participate in the international community.

"We should speak out loud and tell the international community that Taiwan and the People's Republic of China are two sovereign states independent of each other," he said recently, arguing that "Taiwan's future should be determined by Taiwan's 23 million people."

Chen's remarks were made in an apparent attempt to prevent a possible failure of the referendums, which require the participation of at least 50 per cent, or 8.7 million, of the electorate and the support of more than 50 per cent of participating voters in order to be passed.

The referendums were initiated respectively by the DPP and the KMT.

The DPP's version advocates joining the UN under the name Taiwan, while the KMT's initiative calls for regaining UN membership under the country's official title, the Republic of China, or any other "pragmatic" name.

Unlike the DPP, which is urging the electorate to support both referendums, the KMT is calling for a boycott of the DPP-backed referendum, a move seen likely to increase the chances of failure of both.

The irony of the referendum issue is that whichever way the vote goes, China's veto-wielding power at the UN means Taiwan's entry into the global body is little more than a pipe dream.

http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ADB07334-4612-4E9C-92AC-FD4E909CD883.htm

The irony of the referendum issue is a pipe dream

Taiwan votes in identity crisis
By Simon Pollock

KMT candidate and frontrunner Ma Ying-jeou is campaingning for closer ties with China [AFP] As Taiwan heads to the polls in only its fourth ever democratic presidential election, the vote will will not only pick the island’s next leader but help settle an identity crisis splitting the vibrant Asian democracy. For many among the island's estimated 17 million eligible voters the central question is whether they are Taiwanese or Chinese. In the run up to voting, Taiwan's notoriously inaccurate polls have given Ma Ying-jeou, the opposition Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) candidate, leads of six to 32 percentage points. There is a chance, however, that unrest in Tibet may nudge voters towards Frank Hsieh. Hsieh, the candidate from the ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), has used the final days of campaigning to ram home the message that Taiwan could suffer the same fate as Tibet if the KMT wins power. Crackdown Taiwan candidates Frank Hsieh Candidate for ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Propelled into politics after working as a defence lawyer for political dissidents in 1980 Focused campaign on environmental issues, the poor and Taiwan's identity Has backed cautious opening of Taiwan-China economic links and hopes eventually to accelerate moves to make Taiwan a country distinct from China Ma Ying-jeou Candidate for nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party Unseated Chen Shui-bian, the current president, as mayor of Taipei in 1998 Focused campaign on reviving Taiwan's economy by introducing common market with mainland China Has advocated improving relations with China, signing a peace treaty and halting Taiwan's push for independence Nervous of the enduring cross-strait threat from the mainland, many Taiwanese sympathise with the plight of Tibetan protestors and their opposition to rule by Beijing. As a result, while pushing for enhanced ties with China, Ma has been careful not to be seen as too pro-Beijing on China's Tibet crackdown. "Tibet reminded us of what happened in 1989 in Tiananmen Square. So I think that what they did, I think is not only unwise, but actually stupid," he told a recent rally. The issue of mainland China looms large in Taiwan's elections, as it does in all aspects of Taiwanese people's lives. China's growing deployment of missiles along its coastline facing Taiwan - presently thought to number more than 1,000 - means the identity issue is far more serious than mere Taiwanese introspection. Beijing has claimed Taiwan as its territory since nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) forces fled to the island from in 1949 following the communist victory in the civil war. Although sharing a common culture, the open and democratic nature of Taiwan's society means its people are feeling increasingly less affinity with the mainland. The DPP's Hsieh has warned of the dangers of getting too close to Beijing [GALLO/GETTY] Capitalising on this, Chen Shui-bian, the outgoing president, has been pushing residents to see themselves first and foremost as Taiwanese. Since coming to power in 2000, Chen has led a divisive hearts and minds campaign to encourage people to feel more proud of things Taiwanese. His government has introduced an education policy that teaches history, geography, and culture from a Taiwanese perspective and has promoted the use of Fujianese and Hakka, Chinese language dialects commonly used in Taiwan. Chen's campaign has been tapping into a vein of growing pride among Taiwanese people. A recent survey found 44 per cent of Taiwan's voters identified themselves as Taiwanese rather than Chinese. His moves to reshape Taiwan, however, has also stirred up domestic debate, signified by the uproar in some quarters over the renaming of Taipei's Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall. Earlier this year the prominent monument to Chiang Kai-shek was remodelled to become the National Taiwan Democracy Memorial Hall, icluding memorials to social ills during the legendary KMT general's dictatorial rule. While Chiang's harsh and often bloody policies marred his early rule in Taiwan, many still revere him as a founding father who saved Taiwan from a communist takeover. Trouble with China Chen Shui-bian's drive to remodel Taiwan has proved divisive among voters [EPA] But it is Chen's stormy relationship with China that appears to have most weakened support for the DPP. Beijing suspects that Chen's campaign of promoting Taiwan's cultural identity represents a drive for independence through stealth. Cross-strait ties have remained in deep freeze during his presidency. Chen has turned down Beijing's offer of a cross-Taiwan Strait peace accord under the "one-China" framework, dismissing the idea as part of a scheme by China to downgrade and annex Taiwan. Hsieh, carrying the DPP's hopes in Saturday's election, had made a marked departure from Chen's antagonistic stance towards China. On Friday, the former human rights lawyer said if elected he would resume dialogue with Beijing, arguing that the time has come for cross-strait compromise. He has promised to negotiate direct air links with China and open up Taiwan to mainland tourists, following negligible progress in these areas during Chen’s term. His move echoes frontrunner Ma's strong campaign calling for improved economic ties with the mainland. The KMT candidate, a Harvard-trained lawyer and former mayor of Taipei, has proposed forging an unprecedented European Union-style common market between Taiwan and China. Ma insists that improved cross-strait ties are necessary for Taiwan to ramp up its slugglish economy. During the past few years, Taiwan's economic performance has lagged in comparison with a number of its "little dragon" peers, including Singapore and Hong Kong. If elected president, Ma has promised annual growth rates of six percent, similar to annual figures during the decade before the DPP took power, and up from the currently estimated rate of 4.5 percent. Calls by both candidates for improved cross-strait ties follow signs that many inside and outside of Taiwan are tired of Chen's abrasive politics. 'Sovreign states' A referendum backed by Chen that would authorise seeking UN membership as "Taiwan" rather than under the island's legal name, Republic of China, has irked both China and the US, Taiwan's most powerful ally. Chen has called on the electorate to vote on two referendums supporting Taiwan's entry into the United Nations. He says the poll is is necessary to show the world that Taiwanese object to China's suppression of Taiwan's right to participate in the international community. "We should speak out loud and tell the international community that Taiwan and the People's Republic of China are two sovereign states independent of each other," he said recently, arguing that "Taiwan's future should be determined by Taiwan's 23 million people." Chen's remarks were made in an apparent attempt to prevent a possible failure of the referendums, which require the participation of at least 50 per cent, or 8.7 million, of the electorate and the support of more than 50 per cent of participating voters in order to be passed. The referendums were initiated respectively by the DPP and the KMT. The DPP's version advocates joining the UN under the name Taiwan, while the KMT's initiative calls for regaining UN membership under the country's official title, the Republic of China, or any other "pragmatic" name. Unlike the DPP, which is urging the electorate to support both referendums, the KMT is calling for a boycott of the DPP-backed referendum, a move seen likely to increase the chances of failure of both. The irony of the referendum issue is that whichever way the vote goes, China's veto-wielding power at the UN means Taiwan's entry into the global body is little more than a pipe dream.

stop

Currently, I am so depressed. Everything cannot work well. Until last night when I was correcting my paper with Mat, My mother called me from Taipei. I could not control my emotion any more.
Now I am typing and crying, and I do not know what I really can do for my life and future. I keep doing what I believe since I had touched with critical theory. I do sacrifice what I really want, but I just cannot get a good environment to do my research. Suddenly, I notice that when I am struggling with this powerful system, my mother is waiting for me at somewhere. However, every time I just only let her feel disappointed. She does not ask me do anything for her, and I never do anything for my family and society. Now, I don’t even have any courage and ability to continue my studying.
Until now I still cannot stop my tears coming out. I try to finding something that might help me feel better. So I got this. However, it does not work.

Shit

Once

When I walked home, it was five thirty something. Landscape is different from this morning. All the snow is gone, but not melting. Somehow I would like my bad mood can go as fast as the weather of Colorado. In my life, I met some professors who always encourage me to walk farer than what I had expected. I never know I am on the up class of our society; on the contrary, all my students are struggling with their lives in the bottom of this society. I do not give up any chance to try revolving this unbalance society. However, I could not accomplish what I want.
I might to go back the ordinary status; actually, I am thinking I should do something. Even through I can escape from the structure oppressing, my family cannot. I always remember, “Life will find the road”, and I told that to my friends and students. Additionally, I often use the sentence “ Do what you should do while you are seventeen. You just have seventeen once”.

I forgot that I also just have once.

I hope I can stop struggle

I have noticed that the systems kill people and limited people; however, I still try to get into the system. For entering the systems, people need to take any possible to pass the gap. It is not just only an intelligent examining; acutely, it is an apparatus to abstract the essential from your brain, mind, and hart. Then, you got a completely new one but not originated from where you are from.
Even in the Taiwan or USA, all institutes follow same engagement to translate an alien brain to you. Because you need to get a potion in this extraordinary system, you need to follow it.
Can I just stop it? Obviously, I cannot. Therefore, all I can do is try to quit. I am sorry and I do not have time to play with you again. Bye…………………………….

I need to go, and I hope one day I will shine on

If the environment is dirty. No matter how hard you try to keep yourself clean.
you are as dirty as them.



Please don't cry
You know I'm leaving here tonight
Before I go I want you to know
That there will always be a light

And if the moon had to runaway
And all the stars didn't wanna play
Don't waste the sun on a rainy day
The wind will soon blow it all away, ya

So many times I planned
To be much more than who I am
And if I let you down
I will follow you 'round until you understand

That if the moon had to runaway
And all the stars didn't wanna play
Don't waste the sun on a rainy day
The wind will soon blow it all away, ya, oh ya

When the days all feel the same
Don't feel the cold or wind or rain
Everything will be okay
We will meet again one day
And I will shine on, for everyone

So please don't cry
Although I leave you here this night
Where I go how far I don't know
But I will always be your light

That if the moon had to runaway
And all the stars didn't wanna play
Don't waste the sun on a rainy day
The wind will soon blow it all away, ya, oh ya

When the days all seem the same
Don't feel the cold or wind or rain
Everything will be okay
We will meet again one day
I will shine on, for everyone
Shine on, for everyone
When the stars all look the same
Don't feel the cold or wind or rain
Everything will be okay
We will meet again one day
I will shine on, for everyone
Shine on, for everyone

Finding your true color

Robert told me, "I really see your true color!"

Andrew told me, “just because Robert is Robert, and he can claim what he want to do. such as....I fuck , I fish, I do what I wish."

I might to think about what is my real aim to get my Ph D. for some reason, I give up my normal life. I do not have any entertainments. I do not make money and do what I wish. So, in Robert and Andrew's definitions, I lose my true color already.

Bureaucracies

...Ask yourself, " what do you do for this institute?"...
According to my opinion, that is a term without any responsibility and try to escape their duty.
It is obviously that we need institute do something for us, and that the meaning for the existent of these bureaucracies.

I am so angry about that.

What am I doing?

Do I really know what I am doing? Now, I am trying to prepare my comprehension exam in Taiwan; however, I am in Taiwan. Yes, it is so strange, and I totally understand. Does anyone know I am really a loser? Even I want to cry, I have no tear. For me, studying abroad is a great aim to practice and to know who I am? It is obviously a connection to build myself stronger than before. Then I might gain some resource and ability to help whom really need to help. Now, I just can hang out with my roommate while I almost finish my readings or papers. And I need to calculate every dollar that I spend, because I do not have any income. I have tried to quit smoke to save money, but I do not even care my health condition. All I want to do is for a dream to help people, but I now even cannot help my family or anyone. I promise myself if I will not gat any chance to enter the Ph D program in UK or US. I will state store my dream in a deep place. Because while I am doing something waste my time, I am waste my family their time, their resource as well.
Thank you giving me chance to know how disgusting the academic is, and how tiny I am? Tomorrow, even I never wake up again. The world will still work, and why I need to present as I am the One, the Neo?

When is the last time to write

After the New Year, I haven't written any essay for myself or expressing my emotion. I just have no energy and motivation to do anything. Sometimes I really hope I can do something, and say something. However, everything becomes so complicated for me, and I could not handle any of them. For example, my PhD. program might not accept my credits which I have taken at UNC since last fall. Additionally, they, ridiculous, are going to point out my supervisor and want me to change my research direction. As an intelligent, how can I give up and what I want to study? One of them once pointed out my research is not multicultural approach, but a communication approach. All of these are like the bugs flying into my mind. That really make me to think if I need to stop or not. I seldom tell people about my headache; it occurred since 2006 when I was teaching in GVIS. I just cannot stop it. I hope before it become terrible or unrecoverable, I need to do something to recode the story of the 43 structures in my classroom.
Dr. Chang told me that I can be an excellent professor even better than her; however, I just so afraid about I do not have enough ability to do it.
I don't even have any brave to do it right now. Hopefully, I will find some paths to face it. If I really can wake wish, I would like to finish my PhD in other University, and try to do my best to empower our world in any possible ways.

-9F

After several days freezing, the climate has become better now. The last holiday, Dr. Martin Luther king holiday, I was in the library studying again. When I walked out from library, it was –9F.

The Generative Criticism Review #week13

Article:
Van’t Hof Marcia S. Star of fear, Star of Hope: North Star to Reach Reality. Rhetorical Criticism, 2004, p455-459.
Research Question:
According to this study, author wants to know how to present history reality to students then students can go through contemporary course (455).
Research Aim:
The author’s aim is try to explore how the text, which is in the book, Star of Fear, Star of Hope, serves rhetorical strategies to influence children’s fears on historical reality (455).
Methodology:
Marcia tries to generate an explanatory schema from the traces of the book, Star of fear, Star of Hope, and she focus on the realism, comfort, and discomfort. (456)
Finding:
The findings of this paper are: 1. When children become participators, they will like to map the story and their experience; 2, the visual elements can reinforce verbal elements; 3.the illustrator and author use discomfort elements to bring the painful mystery (456-459).
Limitation:
The author assumes that harsh reality is the element to understand; therefore Star of Fear, Star of Hope will be a good lesson. However, the author forget that learning one thing is not equal practicing it.
Future direction:
The author suggests that teachers can let student to learn realism, comfort, and discomfort from Star of Fear, Star of Hope (459).

The Pentadic Criticism Review#week12

Article:
W. Ross Winterowd. Dramatism in Themes and Poems. College English, Vol. 45, No. 6. (Oct., 1983), pp. 581-588.
Research Question:
In this artifact, Winterowd asks two questions: 1.What is the importance of Burke’s paradigm? 2. How the dramatism can really work on themes and poems (Winterowd581-588)?
Research Aim:
The author’s main aim is try to define that Burke’s paradigm is not only via enthymemes but also via synecdoches. (Wintered 582). In addition, the author wants to explain that humans live not by enthymemes alone thought this perspective.
Methodology:
In this paper, there is no specific methodology to develop author’s thoughts. However, Winterowd tries to adopt both deduction and induction to explain Burke’s contributions.
Finding:
According to the author, Burke did not invent the representative anecdote, and he wrote appositionally.
Limitation:
The disadvantage of Burke’s methods is that it does not lead readily to the closure of an enthymeme (Winterowd 587-588).
Future direction:
The Burke’s Darmatism has been outside the mainstream of language theory and literary criticism. However, Burke’s method should be applied to more areas such as Post-structuralism.

The Narrative Criticism Review#week11

Article:
Clark Callahan. Cosmological Worldview and Theory-building: A Rhetorical Analysis of Medieval Astronomical Narrative. Oct2005 Vol.29 No.2, p98-105.
Research Question:
According to this study, author wants to find an approach to know what way can order and present a worldview through a description of a situation in the medieval cosmological scientific narrative (Clark99).
Research Aim:
The author’s aims are: 1.to describe and to analyze the substance of the medieval cosmological narrative; 2. and to offer an evaluation of the narrative to extending and theorizing the narrative form. (Clark99).
Methodology:
The paper, Cosmological Worldview and Theory-building: A Rhetorical Analysis of Medieval Astronomical Narrative, tries to use narrative theory to understanding the medieval astronomical narrative. In addition, the research also compares the Arabic models as Contribution with Copernican Heliocentric thought and European Astronomy perspective. (Clark99-101)

Finding:
The findings of this paper are: 1. the science become its own message without the intercultural discussion; 2, the narrative here is the culmination layers that analysis does not encompass the entire narrative; 3.the impact of Copernican heliocentrism altered the way humans viewed themselves and their place in the world (Clark101-103).
Limitation:
History is primarily recognized in communication research as background for understanding individuals. Nevertheless, those current studies still only focus on communication efficiency. The historical narrative is a particular approach to testify and to understand the relationship of time and contextualizations (Clark103-104).
Future direction:
According to this artifact, the Cosmological Narrative is not only an approach to focus on communication action, but a theoretical model to know a life world of an individual. Therefore, developing the Cosmological Narrative forward to a multiple communication research is the future direction (Clark104).

The Metaphor Criticism Review#week10

Article:
Mikkonen, Kai. The “Narrative is Travel” Metaphor: Between Spatial Sequence and Open Consequence. Oct2007, Vol. 15 Issue 3, p286-305.
Research Question:
According to this artifact, author wants to know how the travel metaphor affects and provides one with the meanings to think through travel narratives (Mikkonen286).
Research Aim:
This article has three aims: 1.to demonstrate the importance of the metaphor of travel in the narrative method; 2. to rethink the traits of travel writing through temporality concepts while developing narrative theory; 3. to extend cognitive-linguistic research in metaphors. (Mikkonen287).
Methodology:
The paper, The “Narrative is Travel” Metaphor: Between Spatial Sequence and Open Consequence, takes the metaphors as an object of study in itself and restorative it from the method which is provide by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. George and Mark state that journey and travel are “structural metaphors” and related to other metaphorically structures (Mikkonen288-289).
Finding:
In this paper, we can find: 1.the cognitive foundations and communicative functions of the “narrative is travel” metaphor that are found on the experience of the movement and the actions of people; 2.the projection of a world that is articulated to the fictional narrative; and 3.the travel narrative to offer people a basic lens for viewing space and time (Mikkonen299- 300).
Limitation:
There are two limitations of the metaphor of travel narrative: 1.the perspective of the approach creating a utopia world and a microcosm; and 2.the idea of the worldview that is a representation of a traveler’s individual concept of time and space (Mikkonen300-301).
Future direction:
According to the author, the metaphor of travel narrative can offer the experience of time and space through the subjective perspective of movement and of perceiving a world (Mikkonen302). This approach can give a better understanding of the identifying traits that can help people know a traveler’s point of view. Therefore, it should be applied to a new area between observation and inner reflection In the near future.

rhetorical of the american road#week9

Driving Vision: Exploring the Road Movie.
“Overall the European road movie associates road traveling with introspection rather than violence and danger. Put differently, traveling outside of society becomes less important (and perhaps less possible) than traveling into the national culture, tracing the meaning of citizenship as a journey ” (David 248). In fact, the road movie is formulated in the different culture, economy, history, and politics. The European road movie introspects their life and standpoint, more than violence. The American road movie presents the interaction of the American. The road movie should be developed in the different approach stories in the different communities, societies, and nations. However, the globalization might only assimilate the various stories.
Romance of the Road
“…. The quest is not so manic, the goals are more realistic, and the state of mind is more even. In travel narratives from the 19th century to present American road narratives, women have attempted to correct what they felt was going wrong with the quest”(Ronald 116). In fact, the American Road movie and story are not completely until today. There is little chance to let the minority group s to claim, but mainstream still dominates the most of the media contents and discards the context of minority. Until now, the road movie is still constructing for the males, for the white values.
The Road Story and the Rebel: Moving Through Film, Fiction, and Television.
“The road story will continue to be remapped by each new generation of storytellers as they grapple with the nature of rebellion, the mobility of identity, and life in a global economy during a time of media convergence”（Katie 223）. According to the author, the road movie story will still be played, and remapped in the future. However, the storytellers are not going to completely struggle with the nature of rebellion. Because the new media and the new agent will occur, the situation will only influence the road movies to become more and more similar. As like the high concept movie have already became a universal rule to produce movie even in different countries. Therefore, the road movies might have more varies contents than before, but the purpose of those products might be only to gain more money but not the rebellion.

rhetorical of the american road#week8

The Road Story and the Rebel: Moving Through Film, Fiction, and Television.
“….the road story in the 1990s introduces audiences to new concepts of community, shaking up social views of gender, sexuality, and race, bringing us back, at the start of the new millennium, to the road as a space of rebellion”（Katie 187）. The road story is formulated by the contemporary thoughts of society, and there is no clear boundary of the road movie. According to Katie, the definition of road movie becomes a process of journey, not just riding a motorbike or driving a car. Therefore, the journeys in postmodern era have become more diverse than before.
Katie always thinks that the females joined to write the road movie resulting in women having their autonomy and mobility. She, unfortunately, forgot those stories were reproduced by the mainstream, but not women’s concepts. Katie defines the increase of women’s representation and female’s authors are successes of the minority groups, but she forgot those women couldn’t represent different races, ages, and groups. Her mistake is that Baudrillard pointed out that “American themselves can’t [write about the American dream]. They’re confused”. Katie always applies white female success experience to all diverse groups; however, the successes could just be a false image which is reproduced from white males.
Driving Vision: Exploring the Road Movie.
“In the postmodern road movie, visionary rebellion and existential roaming become saturated with a ludic irony and tongue-in –cheek posturing…. By blurring all borders under the banner of Artifice, the postmodern road movie tends to nullify transgression, rebellion, and cultural critique (David 135).” The road movie is a dynamic genre, and has potential context to enrich itself. David thinks that the road movie has a broader meaning. It is not a genre about the road, car, and the car culture, but a journey. Therefore, there are many different models occurring in the 90s, making it difficult to define the road movie. David also mentions the road movie was affected by MTV and other media. Therefore, we can clearly observe the boundary of the road movie is getting blurred.

rhetorical of the american road#week7

Road Story and the Rebel: Moving Through Film, Fiction, and Television.
“Even though these road films dismantle notions of identity as fixed, we have seen that high budget entertainments are likely to focus-up until the nineties- on the protagonists…..Then follows a decade in which minority directors exert their power….to show new ways to recognize race, sexuality, and gender”（Katie 192）. Actually, the road movie in the 90s has wider themes than before, but it still does not the issue of race. The issue of race, class, and gender are related to these images on the screen, but more importantly, how those images are represented, what conditions those images are sitting in, and how power relationships differ between races.
During the 90s, women had greater opportunity to enter the film industry, but the population of minority groups in the film industry is lower than white people. Even though there are some black road films in the early 90s, the road movie seems to lack diverse people. For example, there is no Native American road movie in the 90s. Moreover, the Asian American is always presented as a negative character. Compared to the number of females involved in the evolution of film industry in the 80s, the members of minority groups entering the film industry are relatively few in the 90s.
Romance of the Road: The Literature of the American Highway.
The Author, Primeau, mentions that “the road is freedom from schedules, commitments, memberships, and credentials; the high way journey also suspends for a while definition according to one’s origins, profession, and geography.（Primeau 69）” However, the road is not limited, and the road is not absolutely freed from any society. It offers people multiple options in the relative society, and also gives people multiple perspectives on the road. Primeau thinks journeys can help people discover themselves and build identity. However, I believed that journeys could just help the authors build personal identities, but not influence those of the audiences.
There are many different reasons hailing people to be on the road and most reasons are related escape, experimental structure, and self reflexive parody（Primeau 89）. However, coming home is a very common feature and result of the road story.

rhetorical of the american road#week6

The Road Story and the Rebel: Moving Through Film, Fiction, and Television.
The most difference of the 70’s road movie is that women become a very important element on the screen and women behind the scenes. Before the 70s, the females’ characters are negative pictures related with sex, mute, and naïve. Fortunately, the changes of the dynamic 70s bring the blooming effects of the females’ images of the road movie. The division of labor, the France’s New Wave, the increasing mobility, and the female autonomy are not only elaborating to improve the position of female on the screen, but also develop their position in the film industry.
In this era, the new generation director of Hollywood used their experience or the experience form their wives, girlfriends, and families to create their road movies. Those experiences directly present the disadvantages of female’s daily life. The issue of rape, abortion, and sexual autonomy become core elements to challenge the social patriarchy. Although the 70s road movie contains gender issue and turns to a positive approach, the road movie just became the white movie from white male movie. The Native American, black people, and Mexican immigration are not presented on the screen; they are still absence in the road movie.

Driving Vision: Exploring the Road Movie.
David offers an important cue, a black character named Supersoul in the Vanishing Point, to understand the 70’s road movie. Supersoul should be a landmarked for the road movie, however, it is not. Supersoul was presented as a blindness black appreciating the white main character, Kowalski. The females, fortunately, are really ready to go; the Girl chooses to move with different males. Therefore, David thinks the 70’s road movie is an empty journey which is emotional, aimless, manic, and outlawed. The 70’s road movie differs from the 60s’, the former has less definition about normal society. Without any aim, the characters do not know where they want to go, which direction they should go. It is a metaphor to point out their lost, to prove they are not heroes or heroines. Because of the film school generation, the mutations of road movie have more personal experiences, and more females’ point of view. In this era, female characters, and female film works are significant elements to remap the new figure of road movie. However, the minority groups still absent on the screen and film industry. As we know the 70s’ road movie becomes a genre of gender, but not a genre of race.

Listening beyond the echoes

In the book “ Listening beyond the echoes” Nick Couldry tries to state a blend new way to do media research. At his introduction, he tries to defined the difference between mediacentrism and desmediacentrism. The purpose of this book is try to find real connection between media experience and daily life.